Important Terms Of The Age of Industrialisation Class 10, SST (History) 

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SECTION A — BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

  1. Proto-industrialisation was the stage when large scale industrial production took place in the absence of modern factories for international market.
  2. Acquisition of colonies and expansion of trade in the 16th and 17th centuries led to greater demands for goods.
  3. Trade guilds, associations of producers, trained craftsmen and artisans. They restricted the entry of new people into the trade.
  4. A close relationship between town and countryside developed between farmers and merchants.
  5. Factories emerged in England in the 1730s. Changes brought about in the production process because of inventions in the 18th centuries, e.g. cotton mill by Richard Arkwright.
  6. Cotton and metal industry (iron and steel) grew rapidly from 2.5 million pounds import of raw cotton in 1760 to 22 million pounds in 1787. By 1873 iron and steel exports rose to 77 million pounds.
  7. Small and ordinary inventions contributed in many mechanised sectors like food processing, building, pottery, glasswork, tanning.
  8. Technological changes were slow and expensive till the late 19th century. Traditional craftsmen played an important role at this stage.

 

SECTION B — HANDLOOM AND STEAM POWER

  1. Machines played the following role in the 19th century.

Machines

  1. They required large capital investment.
  2. The wear and tear of machines made  investors cautious and wary of dependence on them.
  3. Seasonal industries related with gas work, breweries, ship repair, book binders also did not depend on machines.
  4. Machines could produce only limited variety of products like uniforms or products meant for mass production

Labour

  1. There was no labour shortage. Wages were low.
  2. Human labour was more dependable and cheaper  in those days.
  3. Hand labour could be easily employed seasonally.
  4. Handmade goods were more in demand among the rich and upper classes as a symbol of class and refinement.

 

  1. Conflict between technology and tradition led to hostility of workers, machines became a target as they caused unemployment, specially among women workers.
  2. Invention of Spinning Jenny by James Mangreaves in 1764 reduced labour demand.
  3. Life improved after 1840s due to massive building activities involving road construction, railways, tunnels, sewers. Number of labour doubled in transport industry.

 

SECTION C — INDUSTRIALISATION IN THE COLONIES

  1. India started industrialisation under British rule.
  2. Pre-colonial industrialisation was slow. Silk and cotton textiles were traditional items of export.
  3. Exported as far as Afghanistan, Persia, Central Asia, South-East Asia from Surat in Gujarat, Masaulipatnam on Coromandel coast and Hooghly in Bengal.
  4. Number of merchants and bankers involved in the network of import and export.
  5. Europeans wrested monopoly of trade in the mid-18th century through concessions from rulers, monopoly rights etc.
  6. Old ports like Surat were replaced by new ports in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.
  7. Textile industry changed dramatically after the conquest of Bengal and Carnatic in the 1760s and 1770s.
  8. Weavers suffered the most. Forced to work for the company, who acted through their agents called Gomasthas.
  9. After 1770s, the English controlled trade, eliminated competition, prevented the weavers from dealing with other buyers. They were severely punished for delays.
  10. There was desertion and migration by farmers of Carnatic and Bengal weavers.
  11. Manchester came to India in the form of cotton textiles produced in English factories.
  12. Imposition of import duties on Indian cotton and sale of British goods in Indian markets at cheaper rates led to decline in Indian exports of cotton piece goods.
  13. Exports fell from 33% in 1811-12 to 3% in 1850-51, whereas imports increased from 31% in 1850-51 to 50% in 1870.
  14. When Indian factories started producing cotton textiles, it spelt doom for Indian weavers. They were already reeling under the price rise in supply of raw cotton due to American War of Independence. Class X, CBSE, NCERT, Questions and Answers, Q and A, Social Studies, Important, History

 

SECTION D — FACTORIES COME UP

  1. l Industries were set up by different groups in different places. Most of the entrepreneurs began as investors in trade with China, Burma, Middle East and East Africa.
  2. Prominent entrepreneurs were :
    a. Bengal : Dwarkanath Tagore
    b. Bombay : Dinshaw Petit and Jamshedji Nusserwanjee Tata
    c. Calcutta : Seth Hukam Chand
    d. Father and grandfather of G. D. Birla
    Class X, CBSE, NCERT, Questions and Answers, Q and A, Social Studies, Important, History
  3. Europeans controlled a large section of Indian industries like the Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule and Jardine Skinner Co.
  4. Factory workers increased from 5,84,000 in 1901 to 24,36,000 in 1946.
  5. Workers came from neighbouring district of Ratnagiri to work in cotton industries. Peasants and artisans from Kanpur district came to work in Kanpur Mills and migrant workers from UP to work in Bombay textile mills or jute mills of Calcutta.
  6. Jobbers became a new group of workers who got villagers to work in cities. They gained importance through commissions and services like housing, rent etc.

 

SECTION E — THE PECULIARITIES OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

  1. Industrial production in India was dominated by European managing agencies. They produced items of export and not for sale in India—tea, coffee, indigo, jute and mining.
  2. To avoid competition with Manchester products, India produced coarse yarn (thread) in the late 19th century. Swadeshi activists, during national movement, mobilised people against use of foreign goods.
  3. The First World War led Britain to produce materials for war. Indian factories started producing and supplying war goods, such as jute bags, uniforms, leather boots, horse and mule saddles.
  4. After the war, the British lost their economic predominance. New technologies developed in Germany and Japan which took the lead.
    Small-scale industries predominated in India between 1900–1940.
  5. Large industries were located in Calcutta and Bombay. In 1911, 67% of them were in these two cities.

 

SECTION F — MARKET FOR GOODS

  1. A significant features of the 19th century Indian economy was the attempt to dominate it by foreign manufacturers.
  2. Indian weavers, craftsmen, traders and industries made collective demand for tariff protection, grants or concessions.
  3. Advertisements became popular as an attempt to increase the sales and win the consumer’s confidence.
  4. Manchester industrialists used their labels on clothes sold in India — “Made in Manchester” was written in bold letters.
  5. Indians used images of Gods and Goddesses, Emperors and Nawabs on calendars to boost the sales.
  6. During the nationalist struggle and Swadeshi movement, Indians used advertisements very effectively on papers, journals and magazines.
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