Notes of Organising Business Studies Class 12

UNIT 5

ORGANISING

Meaning of Organising

After laying down the plans and objectives the next function to be performed by the managers is organising. It determines what activities and resources are required and decides who will do a particular task, where it will be done and when it will be done.

* Thus organising means establishing relationship between various factors of production and it in concerned with establishing relationship amongst jobs, sections, department & position.

Organising is the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority and establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling people to work most effectively together in accomplishing objectives.

Step Involved in the Process of Organising :-

1. Identification and Division of Work :- It involves identification and dividing the total work to be done into specific activities (called jobs) in accordance with previously determined plans. By dividing the work the burden of work can be shared among the employees.

It facilitates specialisation of work & skills. Duplication of work can be avoided by dividing the work into manageable activities.

1. Departmentalisation :- The second step in organising is to combine or group similar or related jobs into larger units, called departments, divisions or sections. They can be grouped on the basis of functions which an organisation undertakes to achieve its objective. For example departments may be created for manufacturing, marketing, financing etc.

Departmentalisation is done to achieve coordination & to facilitate unity of efforts.

29 XII – Business Studies

1. Assignment of duties Once departments have been formed each of them is placed under the charge of an individual called departmental head (e.g., production manager, finance manager etc.) Jobs are then allocated to the members of each department according to their skills and qualifications.
2. Establishing Reporting Relationships :- Merely allocating work is not enough. Each individual should also know from whom he has to take orders and to whom he is accountable. It helps in coordination amongst various departments.

Importance of Organising :-

1. Benefits of specialisation : – In organising every individual is assigned a part of total work and not the whole task. Due to this division of work into smaller units and repetitive performance leads to specialisation. Thus organising promotes specialisation which in turn leads to efficient & speedy performance of tasks.
2. Clarity in working Relationship :- It helps in creating well defined jobs and also clarifying the limits of authority and responsibility of each job. The superior, subordinate relationship is clearly defined in organising.
3. Effective Administration : It provides a clear description of jobs and related duties which helps to avoid confusion and duplication. Clarity in working relationships enables proper execution of work which results in effective administration.
4. Optimum Utilisation of resources : The proper assignment of jobs avoids overlapping/duplication of work. This helps in preventing confusion and minimising the wastage of resources and efforts.
5. Adaptation of change :- It allows a business enterprise to adapt itself according to changes in the business environment. Organisational structures can be suitably modified according to changes.
6. Development of personnel : Sound organisation encourages initiative & creative thinging on part of employees.
7. Expansion and growth : It helps in growth & diversification of an enterprise by adding more job positions & department.

Meaning of Organisational Structure :-

It seeks to establish relations among all the persons working in the

organisation. Under the organisational structure various posts are created to

30 XII – Business Studies

perform different activities for the attainment of the objectives of the enterprise. Relations among persons working on different posts are determined. The structure provides a basis or framework for managers and other employees for performing their functions.

The organisation structure can be defined as the frame work within which managerial and operating tasks are performed.

Relation between Span of Management and Organisation structure

– Span of mangement refers to the number of subordinates that can be effectively managed by a superior. The Span of management to a large extent gives shape to the organisation structure. This determines the levels of management in the structure.

Types of Organisation Structures

Functional Structure

Divisional Structure

I. Functional Structure :- In functional structure activities are grouped and departments are created on the basis of specific functions to be performed. For example all the jobs related to production are grouped under production department – Sales to sales department etc.

Advantages :

1. Specialisation – Better division of labour takes place which results in specialisation of functions and its consequent benefits.
2. Coordination is established :- All the persons working within a department are specialist of their respective jobs. It makes the coordination easier at department level.
3. Helps in increasing managerial efficiency : Managers of one department are performing same type of function again and again which makes them specialised and improves their efficiency.
4. Minimises cost – It leads to minimum duplication of effort which results in economies of scale and thus lowers cost.

Disadvantages

1. Ignorance of organisational objectives – Each departmental head works according to his own wishes. They always give more weight to their departmental objectives. Hence overall organisation objectives suffer.
2. Difficulty in Inter-departmental Coordination – All departmental heads work as per their own wishes which results coordination within the department but it makes inter-departmental coordination difficult.
3. Hurdle in complete development – because each employee specialises only in a small part of the whole job.

Suitability :-

1. Where the size of business unit is large.
2. Where specialisation is required.
3. Where there is mainly only one product in sold.

II. DIVISIONAL ORGANISATION STRUCTURE :

Dividing the whole enterprise according to the major products to be

manufactured (like metal, plastic, cosmetics etc) in known as divisional

organisation structure.

Advantages :-

1. Quick decision making :- Divisional manager can take any decision regarding his division independently which makes decisions quick and effective.
2. Divisional results can be Assessed :- Divisional results (profit/loss) can be assessed easily. On this basis unprofitable division can be closed.
3. Growth and Expansion :- It facilitates growth and expansion as new divisions can be added without disturbing existing departments.

Disadvantages :-

1. Conflicts – among different divisions on allocation of resources
2. Duplicity of Functions : – Entire set of functions is required for all divisions. It gives rise to duplicity of efforts among divisions.
3. Selfish Attitude :- Every division tries to display better performance even sometimes at the cost of other divisions. This shows their selfish attitude.

Suitablity :-

1. Where the number of main products are more than one.
2. Where the size of the concern is large enough.

FORMAL ORGANISATION

This structure is designed by the management to achieve organisational goals in which the responsibilities, authority and mutual relationships among all the employees working in an enterprise are clearly defined. It can be functional or divisional.

Features :-

1. It in deliberately created by the top management.
2. It is based on rules and procedures. Which are in written form
3. It is impersonal – Does not take into consideration emotional aspect.
4. It clearly difines the authority and responsibility of every individual.
5. It is created to achieve organisational objectivies.

Advantages :-

1. Easier to fix responsibility since mutual relationships are clearly defined.
2. No overlapping of work – because things move according to a definite plan.
3. Unity of command through an established chain of commands.
4. Easy to achieve objectives – because of coordination and optimum use of human and material resources.
5. Stability in the organisation – because behaviour of employees can be fairly predicted since there are specific rules to guide them.

Disadvantages :

1. The work is based by rules which causes unnecessary delay.
2. Lack of initiatives – because the employees have to do what they are told to do and they have no opportunity of thinking.
3. Limited in scope – It is difficult to understand all human relationships in an enterprice as it places more emphasis on structure and work.

Informal Organisation :

An informal organisation is that organisation which is not established

deliberately but comes into existence because of common interests, tastes and

religious and communal relations.

Features :

1. It originates from within the formal organisation as a result of personal interaction among employees.
2. It has no written rules and procedures.
3. It does not have fixed lines of communication.
4. It is not deliberately created by the management.
5. It is personal – means the feelings of individuals are kept in mind.

Advantage

1. Speed : Prescribed lines of communication are not followed which leads to faster spread of information.
2. Fulfillment of social needs – enhances job satisfaction which gives them a sense of belongingness in the organisation.
3. Quick solution of the problems – because the subordinates can speak out their mind before the officers which helps the officers to understand the problems of their subordinates.

Disadvantages :-

1. It creates rumours :- All the persons in an informal organisation talk carelessly and sometimes a wrong thing in conveyed to the other person.
2. It resists change and lays stress on adopting the old techniques.
3. Priority to group Interests – Pressurises members to confirm to group expectations.

Difference between Formal & Informal organisation

	Basis	Formal organisation	Informal organisation
1.	Meaning	If refers to the structure of well defined authority and and responsibility.	It refers to the network of social relationships which develops automatically
2.	Nature	Rigid	Flexible
3.	Authority	Arises by virtue of positions in management	Arises out to personal qualities.
4.	Adherence to rules	Violation of rules may lead to penalties and punishments	No such punishments.
5.	Flow of	Takes place through the	Not through a planned
	communi cation	scalar chain	route It can take place in any direction.

Delegation of Authority

Meaning – It means the granting of authority to subordinates to operate within the prescribed limits. The manager who delegates authority holds his subordinates responsible for proper performance of the assigned tasks. To make sure that his subordinates perform all the work effectively and efficiently in expected manner the manager creates accountability.

Elements of Delegation :-

1. Authority – The power of taking decisions in order to guide the activities of others. Authority is that power which influences the conduct of others.
2. Responsibility : It is the obligation of a subordinate to properly perform the assigned duty. When a superior issues orders it becomes the responsibility of the subordinate to carry it out.
3. Accountability – When a superior assigns some work to a subordinate, he is answerable to his superior for its success or failure.

Principle of Absoluteness of Accountability – Authority can be delegated but responsibility / Accountability cannot be delegated by a manager. The authority granted to a subordinate can be taken back and re-delegated to another person. The manager cannot escape from the responsibility for any default or mistake on the part of his subordinates.

Importance of Delegation of Authority

1. Reduction of Executive work load – It reduces the work load of officers. They can thus utilise their time in more important and creative works instead of works of daily routine.
2. Employee development – Employees get more opportunities to utilise their talent which allows them to develop those skills which will enable them to perform complex tasks.
3. Quick and better decision are possible – The subordinate are granted sufficient authority so they need not to go to their superiors for taking decisions concerning the routine matters.
4. High Morale of subordinates – Because of delegation of authority to the subordinates they get an opportunity to display their efficiency and capacity.
5. Better coordination – The elements of delegation – authority, responsibility and accountability help to define the power, duties and answerability related to various job positions which results in developing and maintaining effective co-ordination.

Difference – Authority, Resposibility and Accountability

Basis	Authority	Responsibility	Accountability
1. Meaning	Right to command	Obligation to perform an assigned task	Answerability for out come of the assigned task.
2. Origin	Arises from formal position	Arises from delegated authority	Arises from responsibility.
3. Flow	Downward – from Superior to Subordinate	upward – from Subordinate to Superior	upward – from Subordinate to Superior
4. Withdrawl	Can be withdrawn anytime by giving notice	Cannot be withdrawn once created	Cannot be withdrawn once created

Decentralisation :-

Meaning – It means to delegate authority to all levels of management for taking decisions. Under decentralisation all the authority except the one which is absolutely necessary for the superiors to hold is given to the subordinates permanently. Under decentralisation the number of centres for taking decisions

36 XII – Business Studies

increases because the managers belonging to the middle and lower level have the authority to take important decisions.

Centralisation and Decentralisation – represents the pattern of authority among managers at different levels. Centralisation of authority means concentrations of power of decision making in a few hands. In such an organisation very little authority is delegated to managers at middle and lower levels. No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised. They exist together and there in a need for a balance between the two. As the organisation grows in size there is tendency to move towards decentralisation. Thus every organisation characterised by both.

Importance of Decentralisation :-

1. Develops initiative amongst subordinates – It helps to promote confidence because the subordinates are given freedom to take their own decisions.
2. Quick and better decisions – The burden of managerial decisions does not lie on a few individuals but get divided among various persons which helps them to take better and quick decisions.
3. Relieves the top Executives from excess workload – The daily managerial works all assigned to the subordinates which leaves enough time with the superiors which they can utilise in developing new strategies.
4. Managerial Development – It means giving authority to the subordinates upto the lower level to take decisions regarding their work. In this way the opportunity to take decisions helps in the development of the organisation.
5. Better Control – It makes it possible to evaluate performance at each level which results in complete control over all the activities.

Difference between – Delegation & Decentralisation

	Basis	Delegation	Decentralisation
1.	Nature	It is a compulsory act	It is an optional policy
2.	Freedom	Less freedom to take	More freedom of action due
	of action	decisions due to more	to less control by the top
		control by the superiors	management.
3.	Status	It is a process of sharing	It is the result of policy
		tasks and authority	decisions taken by top
			management.

37 XII – Business Studies

4.	Scope	Narrow – as it is confined	Wide – It includes extensions
		to a superior and his	of delegation to the lowest
		immediate subordinate.	of management.
5.	Purpose	To reduce the burden of	To increase the role and
		the manager	autonomy of lower level
			management.

QUESTIONS

1 marks

1. How effective administration in possible through organising?
2. Name the function of management which coordinates the physical, financial and human resources and establishes productive relations among them for achievement of specific goals.
3. Name the organisation which is directed by group norms.
4. What is organisation chart?
5. What is meant by organisational structure?
6. Difficulty in inter-departmental coordination is one of the limitations of which organisation structure.
7. What is meant by Authority?
8. What is the basis of delegation of authority.
9. Why effective management is possible through delegation of authority.

3 marks

1. What is functional organisation structure? Write two advantages of this structure.
2. How accountability related to authority? Explain.
3. Why is it necessary to delegate authority? Give three reasons.
4. Write three characteristics of decentralisation.
5. State three steps in the process of organising.

4/5 marks

1. Explain briefly any four features of formal organisation.
2. The employees of Sachin Ltd. a software company, have formed a Dramatic group for their recreation, Name the type of organisation and state its three features.
3. Distinguish between Formal and Informal organisation (any four points)
4. A manager is of the view that he is not responsible for the quality of work that he has delegated to his subordinates . Do you agree?
5. Delegation of authority provides the means where by a manager multiples himself Commnet.

6 marks

1. Explain the importance of organising as a function of management.
2. Formal organisation is considered better than informal organisation . Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons.
3. What is meant by Divisional structure of an organisation? Explan any two advantages and two limitations of it.
4. Decentralisation is an optional policy. Explain why an organisation would choose to be decentralised.
5. Explain the meaning and process of delegation of authority.